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By Terry Johnson, IPF Vice Chair, Business and Marketing Teacher For those Natural Perfumers who are attending or contemplating attending the trade event in Houston, Texas August 14-16, here are three event strategies that can make your participation a complete success!
1. Develop a pre-event plan
2. Maximize the use of time spent at the event
3. Complete the after-event follow-up The most under-appreciated but necessary key to event success is the strategy of after-event follow-up. It always amazes me that this most important event strategy is nearly always neglected or entirely forgotten. It probably has a lot to do with people returning from a trade event having to catch up with things put off by their event attendance. Even so, proper follow-up has to be immediately scheduled and completed within one week of returning, since the effectiveness of proper follow-up rapidly declines over a very short period of time. Here are a few suggestions to get the most out of your follow-up strategy:
These are proven strategies can make your event attendance less stressful, knowing that you will be immediately following up and making your event a complete success! Please email me at [email protected] with any questions you may have on successful event management. IPF is here to help!
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By Ana Elena Sastrias, Natural Perfumer and Aromatherapy Teacher The Language of Scent: Powerful Trigger of Memories and Emotions The Olfactory Experience of perceiving scents and the use of language for describing
scents have been present in all Ancient Civilisations and in this era. This means that Olfaction has been the most important sense used for survival, communication, protection, healing, and beauty, used in sacred rituals ceremonies and connection to the Divine. Since pre-history, human beings discovered fire, and then, the fascinating experience of smelling the particles of wood and resins being burned through smoke. The word “Perfume” comes from this concept in Latin “Per - fumum” that literally means “through smoke”. In Literature, the language of scent has been used to describe events, places, persons, gardens, palaces, dresses, the country-side, the misery and the richness, the sacred places, the abundant places, the simple places that trigger our memories, all in descriptive, poetic, and historical ways. We have used Language to describe the reality around us and pass the experience to others, by categorisation of plants and flowers, olfactory properties, health properties, and uses in other aspects of our lives, like traditions. Additionally, we have used Scents as well as Body Language for Healing and Sacred Ceremonies to communicate with our inner-self and align better with Nature. In pre-history and ancient history, humans had a bigger Limbic System in our brain than today's human beings. The Limbic System is responsible for managing our Memory, Emotions and Identification. In this era of immediacy, screen interaction, isolation, scent restriction or phobia, we are evolving with the risk of developing a smaller Limbic System and this is already bringing a society that does not retain concepts or places or historical factors, and also a society that has less empathy and less need for identifying with others and identifying risks by themselves without the use of technology. Society is been driven by Visual Communication mostly, while one sense is being on demand, this eclipses the other senses. Aromatherapy has been part of a millenary wisdom and it is very much linked to the Connection with Nature, using this wisdom to identify healing plants and flowers and different methods of healing. Natural Aromatherapy is defined by the use of Natural Raw Materials, not synthetic fragrances. The best Natural Aromatherapy starts by going out to a Garden, the Bush or Countryside. Experiencing the smell of the actual plants and flowers makes Olfaction a powerful tool, as the aromatic molecules will go to the Olfactory system in our brain and Limbic system, but also will act on our Sympathetic and Para-Sympathetic Nervous Systems in our body. There are various methods of Natural Aromatherapy applications like: aerial diffusions, baths, oil applications through massage, food, patches, creams or lotions, shampoos, and clay compresses. The scent and properties of each raw material, plant or essential oil will manifest in their own healing language. By using the different parts of the plant, sometimes the roots, sometimes the leaves, and sometimes the flowers, the healing therapeutic properties and methods may change. Understanding the use of essential oils, their potency, contra-indications and application methods is paramount for producing synergies that will act on specific area of our body, organ, or enhancing mood and emotional wellbeing. Plant maceration is also a method for creating oils that are not that potent as essential oils, but provide therapeutic synergies. Essential oils have to be treated carefully, always dilute before application, otherwise, only smell from the bottle. Essential oils are not meant to be drunk; they can irritate our throat and internal organs. Only specialised oil capsules can be used for internal use. Always consult your medical practitioner. Another aspect of Natural Aromatherapy is the use of reputable quality of essential oils that are neither adulterated, nor mixed with other blends or fragrances without indication for the guarantee of high degree of healing properties. Nowadays, we are blending the experience of Natural Aromatherapy with Natural Perfumes. In the last century, the focus of Perfume was aesthetic, was part of fashion and was no longer made of natural raw materials, but with synthetics and isolates. Natural Perfumery plays two roles: 1. Expressing beauty, transporting you to a place or emotion; and, 2. Bringing the therapeutic role of each accord of the Perfume construction. This blend of these two disciplines and Olfaction Training is called Natural Perfumotherapy, a new way to go in Perfumery bringing Scents to Emotions, Wellbeing and aligning us to Re-Connect with Nature. More info about Perfumotherapy By Jennifer Jones, Certified Natural Perfumer and Horse Training Teacher A New Course in Equine Aromatics for Riders, Trainers, and Horse Lovers. There is a quiet intelligence in the horse that every rider comes to recognize.
Before the rein is shortened, before the leg gives a cue, before the body speaks, the horse has already felt the room. It has read the breath, the tension, the intention. Horses do not respond only to movement. They respond to presence. To atmosphere. To the invisible language that surrounds them. This is what makes scent such a remarkable bridge between horse and human. For centuries, horses have lived close to the aromatic world of plants. Wild herbs under hoof. Resin in the wind. Dry grasses warmed by the sun. Bark, roots, leaves, and blossoms carried through the landscape. Long before modern stables, horses knew nature through scent, and still today, their instinctive relationship to aroma remains deeply intact. A horse does not analyze fragrance. It senses it, it chooses. it reacts, and it remembers. Aromatic botanicals can influence the equine nervous system with surprising subtlety. Certain scents may encourage calm in moments of tension. Others may support focus before work, ease transitions during retraining, or help create a more harmonious atmosphere in the stable. For sensitive horses, scent can become a language of reassurance. For performance horses, it can support concentration, confidence, and emotional balance. This is not about perfume for horses. It is about understanding the horse through its most instinctive sense, and learning how botanicals can be used with intelligence, precision, and respect. For riders, trainers, and caretakers, this opens a new dimension of communication. One that does not force, but invites. One that does not dominate, but listens. When used correctly, scent becomes part of the environment around the horse—supporting wellbeing, trust, and connection. This course was created for those who wish to work more intuitively and more consciously with horses. For those who understand that performance begins with regulation. That trust shapes response. That true horsemanship is not only physical, but emotional, sensory, and deeply relational. Whether you work in dressage, rehabilitation, retraining, therapy, or daily stable care, the intelligent use of botanicals offers a refined and natural way to support the horse’s wellbeing while deepening the quality of your relationship. Discover the art and science of using essential oils to support the emotional and physical well-being of the horse. Scents Loved by Horses explores how thoughtfully selected botanicals can be incorporated into training and daily care to encourage calmness, improve focus, support retraining, and enhance performance. Students will learn the principles of safe aromatic application, the horse’s instinctive response to scent, and the foundational techniques for crafting their own individualized equine blends. By Ana-Elena Sastrias, Natural Aromatherapy Teacher Botanical Diversity in the study of Ethnical or Regional Essential Oils Ethnical Aromatherapy invites us to look beyond the essential oil itself and return to its true origin. An essential oil is not simply a fragrant extract — it is a complex and concentrated expression of a plant, shaped by its land, its climate, and its botanical identity. Obtained through distillation or cold pressing, each essential oil carries not only its chemical composition, but also the imprint of its country of origin and its genotype. Understanding this diversity is fundamental to both the art and the science of aromatherapy. Aromatherapy is both an Art and a Science that involves healing oneself with the use of Essential Oils. Ancient civilizations, including Egyptians and Greeks, used aromatic plants and oils for medicinal and therapeutic purposes. When talking about Aromatherapy, we usually refer to Lavender, Rosemary, Rose Geranium, Basil, Chamomile (German and Roman), Jasmine, Rose, Clove, Cinnamon, Black Pepper, Mint, Peppermint, Cedarwood, Eucalyptus, Juniper (Juniper berry), Cypress, Sandalwood, Patchouli, Vetiver, Star Anise, Ginger, Carrot Seed, Orange Sweet, Bergamot, Lemon, Lime, Grapefruit, Mandarin, etc. Each Essential Oil has specific properties depending on the Region of Extraction and the type of soil and Genotype. It is important to know that there are different varieties of plants and each of those varieties of plants provide an Essential Oil with a different scent profile and may provide a different therapeutic use. Carl von Linné, in the 18th century, dedicated his scientific work to making a general classification of plants and animals. He described each classification by three names: Family, Genus and Species. Usually, these three names will be given Latin names, as a universal language. In his book Species Plantarum , Linné defined a binomial nomenclature, using two names): 1. Gender Name 2. Species Name This binomial term classification continues to be used up to date. Gender in ˆLatinized” capital letter. Species in “Latinized” lower case letter. The Species name is often based on characteristics of the plant by their shape, properties, country of origin, smell, color, number of flowers, time of growth or flowering. For instance: Eucalyptus has 3 species: Eucalyptus radiata (Peppermint like gum scent, NSW, QLD, VIC, TAS, Australia) Eucalyptus citriodora (Lemon like gum scent, Queensland, Australia), Eucalyptus globulus (Woody camphoraceous like gum scent, Tasmania, Australia). Each of these 3 different species of Eucalyptus will have a different aroma profile and therapeutic use. Eucalyptus radiata is used to treat congestion in the upper respiratory tract (nose, throat, pharynx), while Eucalyptus globulus is used to treat congestion and infection in the lower respiratory tract (lungs, bronchi, trachea, bronchioles). Eucalyptus citriodora has been used as an insect repellent, also it is decongestant in the upper respiratory tract, use in pain relief as an anti-spasmodic treating arthritis, muscle pain; and it is an antiseptic used for treating wounds and cuts. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) have 114 classified existing botanical families, including:
These families’ names are in Latin:
This means that it is a genuine botanical source and contains no fillers, additives or other impurities or adulterations. The Chemotype or Chemical Race is like an ID card of a plant. The “chemotype” makes it possible to distinguish two or more essential oils of different chemical compositions produced from plants of the same species. For instance: Basil Chemotypes:
Chamomile Chemotypes:
For Cedarwood, there are four Chemotypes:
Both have lymph-tonic and draining properties, significant lipolytic skin regeneration and scalp tonic. Beware, these varieties have abortive and neurotoxic properties in the long term. Each country grows local, ethnical aromatic plants, and this is important to know regarding diversity and the use of essential oils sourced locally. Sandalwood: Currently, Australia is growing two varieties of Sandalwood: Deadwood Sandalwood and Northern Sandalwood. Both Australian Sandalwoods have a very distinctive aromatic profile and also, they have a different aromatic profile from the Indian Sandalwood. This allows perfumers to get out of their habits and experiment with new varieties of the same species. In Yucatán, México, there are aromatic plants that come from the same species of Marjoram or Oregano and Basil: Lippia graveolens Kunth: (Spanish Hill Oregano) it is grown in Texas, USA, and Mexico, Central America. This Mexican Oregano is used as an antiseptic, antipyretic, analgesic, abortive, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, diabetes and menstrual problems. The essential oil extracted from this plant has carvacrol, and timol mostly. It has been used as a Flavor component, in Perfumery, Cosmetics, Pharmaceuticals and Liquor. Ocimun campechianum Mill: (Hill’s Basil) it is grown in USA down to South America. It is used in traditional medicine to treat intestinal inflammation, ulcers, gastritis, dysentery, vomit, and stomachache. The Essential Oil from this plant is extracted from its leaves. It contains eugenol, beta-elemene, beta-caryophyllene, eucalyptol, metil-E-cinnamate and carvona. Bursera linanoe: (Indian Lavender Tree) is native to Mexico, and it is cultivated in India for the extraction of the essential oils from the wood and berries. This tree species produces a combination of Lemon and Jasmine scent. This Indian Lavender Tree is a different species compared to Lavandula shrub. This species contains linalyl acetate and is used as a substitute to Bergamot. In Guerrero, Mexico, there is an Artcraft production of decorated wooden boxes called “Cajitas y Cofres de Olinalá” made from the Linaloe wood of this Indian Lavender Tree.
REFERENCES: 1. Plantas Aromáticas de Yucatán - Calvo Irabién, Luz Ma. 2. Natural Aromatherapy IPF Certification Course - Sastrias, Ana Elena By Vennie Chou, Natural Skin Care Teacher Ancient Chinese perfume beads were more valuable than gold. Jewelry made from the perfume beads were worn by all emperors and the wealthy. Due to the high cost of the perfume bead jewelry, the beads were rare. Today, the art, processes and medicinal history of Chinese medicinal beads are almost extinct. Here is a little history of why the perfume beads or He-Sian-Zu are so valuable. More than 2,200 years ago, during the Qin Dynasty (ruled by the first Emperor who built the Great Wall), there were many wars and epidemics. However, people found that in areas where there were wild scented plants growing, fewer people became ill. Since they did not understand the reason why scented plants were so protective, they worshiped these plants during ceremonies and used them to show their gratitude for the gods who had provided these healing plants. During the Han Dynasty (206 BCE), the Silk Road was built as a trade network connecting China with Persia and the West. This trade network facilitated economic and cultural exchanges, which resulted in more precious scented botanicals being brought into China. Also, during this same time period, the Traditional Chinese Medicine framework was firmly established, and the oldest Chinese medical text (Huangdi Neijing) was compiled. In addition, the uses of herbs and other medicinal substances were recorded to set a basis for pharmacology. The development of scented plants and resins in perfume beads were more refined and developed. Later during the Tang Dynasty (618 AD), the golden age of Chinese economy and culture, Buddhism spread quickly. The Silk Road expanded to Southeast Asia. Many of the imported and beautifully scented woods and plants became widespread within Chinese Medicine and with perfume beaded jewelry. The Buddhist monks wore them and held them in their hands when they meditated. Wearing perfume beaded or carrying scented sachets were almost a dressing ritual that lasted for thousands of years. People learned and strongly believed the scented botanicals provided protection and healing for their health. Many of the plants listed in Chinese pharmacology texts were scented plants. For example, Oud, Sandalwood, and roses were widely used in these perfume beads. Their scents have the effect of warming to facilitate circulations and smooth movement of Chi (energy). They also calm the nerves and mind to reduce stress and clear the mind. Chronic stress increases cortisol production and causes multiple health issues. Moving blood and Chi helps stimulate the immune system to combat and to heal damage. Traditional Chinese Medicine promotes and emphasizes health ‘Prevention’. Wearing perfume beads made purely from scented plants, woods, and resins was a way of protection and prevention of illness and stabilizing mental and emotional health. Unfortunately, we are losing this ancestral hand-crafted ‘medicine’ using a composite of pure plants and resins to make a wearable to protect our physical and mental health. What we see in the markets are mostly wooden beads with chemicals or essential oils added to them. Ancient perfume beads were made from the finely ground dust of healing, scented botanicals. The composition of each particular plant chosen was well considered and designed for different weaknesses or illnesses. The ancient, scented perfume beads had a purpose and lasted a very long time.
I wanted to retrieve this ancestral medicinal art/skill back, so I studied the ancient processes and hand-rolled a variety of perfume beads from resins and plants from which I had collected and harvested. I found the process very meditative and meaningful. When I wore the necklace, the release of continuous and gentle scent lasted all day. The heat from my body moved the consistent, healing scents to my face. I invite you to the Ancient Chinese Perfume Beads Master Class where this rare ancestral knowledge will be shared and brought back to life. By Terry Johnson, IPF Vice Chair and Business and Marketing Teacher Finally, we are emerging from winter’s cold and doldrums, and now we can begin embracing the positive spirits of transformation and renewal - giving Natural Perfumers significant marketing differential advantages.
Spring can provide us with these key lessons:
For those wishing to have a better understanding of marketing, compare it with growing spring flowers properly from germinations, to seedlings, to robust plants, and finally, to colorful flowers. Each stage of plant development is like a link in a supply chain, with each stage completed using optimum flower growing standards to produce superior and sustainable blooming plants. Like spring flower growing, marketing also involves understanding the complete supply chain from production to processing, to distribution, to consumer purchases, consumption, satisfaction, and repurchases. Each link has a responsibility to add value and then pass on that added value to the next link: all to maximize consumer satisfaction with our natural essence products. Here are some thoughts that can help you Spring Forward this year:
By Terry Johnson, Marketing and Business Teacher From Flowers to Well-being in a Changing Consumer World Beginning in February there are a series of five US holidays in a four-month period that contribute a huge percentage to retail florist’s annual sales. This is important because florists sell flowers which, in a marketing sense, is similar to those selling the essences of flowers. Here is a breakdown of those five holidays this year with their dates and how they rank among all yearly holidays: February 14 Valentine’s Day #1 March 8 International Women’s Day #7 April 5 Easter #6 May 10 Mother’s Day #2 May 25 Memorial Day #5 These five holidays represent as much as 60% or more of total annual sales for retail florists and are opportunities to sell your health-related natural essences (and/or gift cards) to consumers who generally consider health a top priority in 2026. Key 2026 consumer concerns include: Mental Health: Mental health remains a top priority. Stress, anxiety, and sleep issues remain major concerns for consumers. Why is this important for those selling natural essences? Because we have products that not only can help with these important issues but can also be natural alternatives to strong pharmaceuticals, not to replace strong medication necessarily, but to help prevent consumers from having to take them in the first place. Value and Quality: Consumers’ budgets are currently thinner when it comes to anything they want but don’t need, so you should develop marketing and sales strategies to convince them they need your products for their good health for a lifetime. Human and Natural Connections: Despite digital and virtual adoptions, consumers are still worried about the erosion of the Human Connection and are increasing looking for natural options in the products they purchase, so make sure your website, your products and all forms of communication with consumers reflect your commitment to balance technology with nature and humanity. Here’s what a major US retail said about today’s consumer focus on health: "We see a broader shift towards holistic health as consumers recognize that health is multifaceted, encompassing not just diet but also lifestyle and overall well-being. We also know that consumers are increasingly looking for ways to integrate health and wellness into all aspects of their lives. Since diet, lifestyle and overall well-being are top of mind, brands and retailers that recognize and respond to this comprehensive view of health will be better positioned to meet the evolving needs of their customers." Take advantage of these coming holidays to get the message out that giving gifts of health will provide wellness benefits to their loved ones while helping them Reconnect with Nature.
By Andrej Babicky, Master Natural Perfumer and Teacher For many years, natural perfumery has lived in a strange tension.
On one side, it is taught as a craft: techniques, materials, formulas, repetition. On the other, it is treated as a purely expressive act: intuition, emotion, concept. Rarely are these two held together with equal seriousness. Yet fragrance is made precisely in that space where matter resists intention, and intention must learn to listen. Over time, through teaching and practice, I’ve become increasingly aware of a recurring limitation in how perfumery is learned today. Speed is rewarded. Output is encouraged. Recipes circulate easily. But judgment the slow, difficult capacity to decide what truly belongs in a composition is often left underdeveloped. Natural perfumery, more than any other branch of fragrance, demands time. Time to smell without naming. Time to work with materials until they reveal not only their beauty, but their limits. Time to remove, reduce, and sometimes leave what does not hold. This is the context from which the Advanced Private Mentoring in Natural Perfumery was born. It is not a course in the conventional sense. It is a one-to-one, atelier-based mentoring process, designed for those who wish to move beyond learning how to make fragrances, and toward understanding why certain choices endure while others collapse. The work unfolds through weekly private sessions, supported by continuous practical work. Together, we engage deeply with materials more than fifty natural raw materials explored not as ingredients, but as structures with memory, tension, and ethical weight. Accords are built and dismantled. Bases are refined. Fragrances are tested across time, dilution, and application. But technique is only one layer. Equally important is the development of a personal olfactory language: one that does not imitate trends or borrow authority, but emerges from sustained attention, restraint, and coherence. We work on editing as much as composing. On clarity as much as expression. On knowing when a fragrance has already said enough. Ethics, in this process, are not statements or branding tools. They are constraints that shape form. Material choice, sourcing, refusal all of these are treated as creative decisions, not moral add-ons. The mentorship is structured in phases rather than modules: Alignment, material intelligence, structural authority, bespoke project development, critical review, and integration; each phase is designed to refine judgment not to accumulate knowledge, This program is open to natural perfumers, advanced students, and practitioners from adjacent artistic or material disciplines. A background in perfumery is welcome, but not mandatory. What matters more is attitude: the capacity to work seriously, to accept critique, and to engage with complexity without shortcuts. At its core, this mentorship exists to support a shift from making fragrances to authoring olfactory work. It is demanding, slow by design, and intentionally limited in availability. But for those who feel the need to deepen rather than accelerate, it offers a space where time, materials, and attention are treated as the true luxury. Further details, including structure and application are available here: Natural Perfumery Private Mentoring. Thank you for reading, and for continuing to approach scent as something that deserves care. By Ana-Elena Sastrias, IPF Chair Australia and Teacher SCENTS OF CHRISTMAS TIME Christmas time is celebrated throughout many days, even after Christmas Day. In some countries, they extend it up to the first days of February.
Christmas time, in Winter time, is decorated with beautiful Christmas ornaments, lights, and listening to Christmas Carols, Classical music or any other music that invites us to reflect and relax, sometimes, we also get music to gather with family and friends and enjoy the time sharing love, food, songs, games and gifts. Christmas time, in Summer time, in some places they like to have similar Christmas decoration, music and food than the people from Northern Hemisphere, but in general, due to the warm season, people are more relaxed about decorations, and more attuned to go out and swim, smell the flowers in bloom from Spring, experience the breeze and humidity and enjoy the birds and flying insects pollinating flowers and plants. What is the Scent of Christmas Celebration made of? Depending of our culture of origin, this Scent will vary. In Western Christian Culture is generally a cozy blend of warm spices (cinnamon, clove, nutmeg), fresh conifer greens (pine, fir, cypress, spruce), sweet baked goods (ginger bread, almond bread, vanilla, anise), bright citrus (orange, lemon) mixed with peppermint, all in harmony with mulled wine and cider with cherries, cranberries mixed with the smell of turkey, ham, beef or chicken and potatoes, carrots, onions, garlic, sweet potatoes, beans, chick peas, green peas. Inside the churches, the smell of tuberose and myrrh, frankincense and candles accompanied with Anthems and Christmas Carols. In Southern Europe, the smell of fish and seafood with peppers, olive oil harmonises with sweet nuts deserts, dried fruit, red and white wine or mulled wine, cider, brandy to drink. The Christmas decoration also include fresh conifer greens adding a fresh earthy smell. The Christmas style of sweet bread is puffed yeast-based, like in Italy, they have Panettone, in Greece, something similar to Panettone, they have it also for Easter, in Spain, they have “Rosca de Reyes” for the 6th of January. These sweet puffed breads have lots of sugar and dried fruits and usually are taken with frothy warm cocoa drink. The smell in that time is sweet almond, vanilla, fruity, icy sugar, cacao, vanilla like. In Mexico and some Latin-American countries, the European and Spanish influence is there in Christmas, but at least in Mexico, we have added some other dishes and aromas into Christmas, like the powder of dried prawns mixed with cooked rosemary and spicy and hot “mole” paste and cooked small potatoes. Some people may cook prawns as a tradition too. Another traditional dish is “Chiles en nogada”, a delicacy of stuffed capsicums or “Chile Poblano” with minced pork meat, blended almonds, covered in an almond sauce and pomegranate seeds. This dish mixes the green spicy chilly with the sweetness of almonds, pork meat and the bitterness of pomegranate seeds. Some more indigenous alcoholic drinks are also part of the tradition like Pulque, Tequila. Some other Latin-American countries in South America, will cook “ceviche”, based in fish, seafood, potatoes, lime juice, peppers, salt, tomatoes, coriander, cucumber, avocado, red onion, garlic, and orange juice. This is a very fresh, oceanic smell dish. In Australia and New Zealand, similar Christmas Celebration custom as the Northern Hemisphere, with some more simplicity and flexibility adding as a desert “The Pavlova” a Meringue based fruit creamy desert with strawberries, black berries, kiwi fruit, mango slices. It is soft, easy to digest, sweet combined with the bitterness of the fruit white wine, cider or rose wine are served as drink, seafood is also popular and fish with potato chips and lots of vegetables like potatoes, carrots, spinach, sweet potato, parsley, coriander, mint, orange, lime, lemon, beetroot, red onions, garlic, mushrooms, all blended in black-pepper, marine salt or pink pepper. After dinner, the scents from black tea or herbal tea infusions with milk or coffee or chocolate milk are enjoyed. In the Middle East, Christmas celebration dishes feature with roasted lamb or chicken, usually stuffed with spiced rice and nuts (pine nuts and almonds) combined with fruits like dates, also hummus, tabouli, baba ganoush, kebbeh with coriander, peppers as garnish for the dishes. The Baklava is a very sweet festive cake that also is added into the Christmas Celebration. There are regional variations including the Syrian stuffed turkey, Palestinian Qedreh (lamb, rice, chickpeas) and Egyptian Fatta, all seasoned with spices like cinnamon, allspice and baharat. In Asian Countries, they adopted some of the Western Christmas traditions blent with their own particular dishes for festivities: In Japan, they use KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) nuggets with a desert dish “Strawberry shortcake” which it is a fluffy sponge cake with cream and fresh strawberries. Other sweets more into the Japanese custom are “Wagashi”, are moulded traditional sweets in the shape of snowmen. In Philippines, they have baked rice cake with coconut milk, salted egg and cheese called “Bibingka”. The “Puto Bumbong” is a purple rice cake steamed in bamboo, served with butter, coconut and sugar. Also they have a variety of pastries. They also have many Spanish influence savoury dishes for this celebration made of pork, chicken and beef. In Vietnam, they have noodle soups, savoury crispy rice cakes with meat and for desert, chocolate log cake with French influence recipe. In India, they celebrate with hearty meat dishes with spices like “Biryani and Curries”, accompanied with sweets like “Nankhatai,Bolinhas and Karanji”. For roasted meats, they use goose and duck. In Thailand, they use spicy red curry with coconut milk, herbs and meat. As a desert, mango sticky rice with coconut milk. In Korea, there are savoury pancakes with vegetables, meat or seafood, braised short ribs. As a desert, rice cake soup, traditionally for New Year celebrations but also shared on Christmas celebrations. As decorations in Asian countries, Mango Trees are decorated for Christmas and oil- burning lamps are used in India. In China, people prefer to have Christmas celebration outside, instead of cooking at home. Their food varied from hot pots to Western foods. People give apples to friends and love ones. Apple signifies “fruit of peace” to Chinese. Some of the staples for Christmas dinner are chicken, duck or dumplings. As a desert, they have coated hawthorn fruits with malt sugar on a bamboo skewer. In African Countries, there is a vibrant feast of spiced rice dishes, roasted meats (chicken, goat and turkey) with flavour stews and sides of fried plantains salads and small chops like rich fruitcakes, sticky fruit puddings. As you can see, Christmas time scents are varied wherever you are. This is an aromatic glimpse of the World Christmas Celebration Season in food and aromas and decorations as part of the way people stop and value community, reflection, and gathering for peace and harmony. These scents throughout the world are made for us to enjoy, to recover that vibrancy and motivation, and to reconnect with Nature and with ourselves! By Ana Elena Sastrias, IPF Australia Chair and Aromatherapy Teacher A Symbol of Life and New Beginnings for Each Year The origins and history of Poinsettias ( Euphorbia pulcherrima) take us to the Aztec Civilization, where this flower was called cuetlax ōchitl, meaning "flower that grows in residues or soil”. This plant only grew in Winter from the lower altitudes in Mexico, in what is now Taxco, Cuernavaca. As with the higher altitudes of what is now Mexico City, previously called Tenochtitlan, it was not possible to grow this plant, and just got imported in that time from these low altitude areas. These flowers were used by the Aztecs in ceremonial sites and temples. As the Spaniards were trying to vanish any pagan rituals and beliefs from the Aztecs, they used the Poinsettias or cuetlaxõchitl flowers for the Celebration of Christmas. The Spaniards took the poinsettias as a symbol to get rid of the original pagan traditions of the Aztecs and replace them with friars of the Franciscan Christian religious order in Mexico included the plants in their Christmas celebrations. The star-shaped leaf pattern is said to symbolize the Star of Bethlehem, the red colour represents the blood shed during the sacrifice of Jesus' crucifixion, and the white leaves represent the purity of Jesus. Today, Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) is known in Mexico and Guatemala as “flor de nochebuena” or simply “nochebuena”, meaning "Christmas Eve flower”. In other countries, like Spain, this plant is called “flor de pascua ”, meaning “Pascal flower” (Spanish people say “Pascua” to Christmas and “Pascua de Resurreción” to Passover or Easter). In Chile and Peru, this plant is known as “The Crown of the Andes”. Poinsettia is a commercially important flowering plant species of the diverse spurge family Euphorbiaceae. Indigenous to Mexico and Central America, the poinsettia was first described by Europeans in 1834. It is particularly well known for its red and green foliage and is widely used in Christmas floral displays. The flower was originally called either “Mexican flame flower” or “painted leaf” by people in United States, then, in 1836, the plant was named taxonomy after Joel Roberts Poinsett, the first United States minister to Mexico, who also was a botanist, spoke many languages and was credited with introducing the plant to the USA in the 1820s. From that time and during the 20th century, production and propagation methods have
improved, but cutting large stems short and focusing on growing coloured leaves wider. More than 100 cultivars have been produced in Mexico, US and Europe including white, cream, yellow, peach, pink, purple, and marbled. Red poinsettias still account for more than 70% of sales. This plant brings all the leafy flower and colour only in Winter as a good promise to open a New Year. Nowadays, this potted plant is one of the most produced and sold in the world adding meaning to various traditions. Aztec people used the plant to produce red dye and as an antipyretic medication (reduction of fever) used in Aztec traditional medicine. Nevertheless, it does depend on the Euphorbia species and the treatment, as it has been documented that the latex from the Euphorbia pulcherrima can cause Asthma. Some species of Euphorbia have been used in folk medicine over the centuries, especially in the Euphorbia esula alliance. Latex of E. cooperi and E. ingens has been used locally in Africa to stun fish; grass soaked in latex is thrown into a pond and the fish then rise to the surface. Candelilla wax is obtained from E. Antisyphilitica and used as a food additive, glazing agent, and component of lip balm. The milky sap or latex of spurges is suggested to have a protective and defensive role in helping heal wounds and in deterring potential plant-eaters. There is a wide variety of chemical compounds present in Euphorbia sap, and some of them are toxic and potentially carcinogenic. Compounds known as terpene esters are common and often account for the extremely caustic and irritating properties of the milky sap, either by direct contact with the skin or even by exposure to the air and inflammation of the eyes or mucous membranes. Poinsettia or “flor de Noche Buena” has many symbols, taking us to a millenary culture, aside from the great economic importance in international trade, it does provide an important cultural impact in Mexico and the World reminding us of a promise of a new bloom for the celebration of the end of the Year and welcoming the beginning of the coming Year. |
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