In conclusion, my visit to Grenada and participation in the Scents of Grenada festival was a profound reminder of the deep connection between nature and the art of perfumery. The island's rich aromatic landscape, coupled with the innovative spirit of the festival, showcased the immense potential of natural perfumery. It highlighted the value of returning to traditional extraction methods, experimenting with new materials, and rediscovering the unique heritage of places rich in botanical diversity.
​Investing interest in projects like the perfumer's garden at Tower Estate offers numerous opportunities. It allows for the preservation of traditional knowledge, the promotion of sustainable practices, and the creation of a vibrant community passionate about natural perfumery. Grenada, with its abundant aromatic resources and dedicated community, is poised to inspire perfumers and enthusiasts alike to explore and celebrate the island's fragrant treasures. The Scents of Grenada festival not only showcases the island's botanical bounty but also serves as a beacon of sustainability, innovation, and cultural preservation.

Andrej Babicky is one of our best teachers, if you want to learn how to extract the scents of flowers, plants, wood or roots, check his course.

From the 14th century onward, scent waters became highly fashionable. Amidst the backdrop of religious restrictions, these aromatic waters infused with medicinal herbs were soon heralded as miraculous. A notable example occurred in 1380 when a monk presented the Queen of Hungary with a concoction that would later be known as "Eau de la Reine de Hongrie." Legend has it that this potion rejuvenated the aging queen, relieving her of rheumatism and gout, and she was so transformed that she married the King of Poland. Similarly, in Florence, the Santa Maria de Novella convent became famous for its own miraculous water, the Aqua della Regina. These divine waters, including “Eau sans Pareille,” “Melissa Water,” and “Carmes Water,” were consumed or used topically to cure a plethora of ailments.

The advent of printing in the mid-15th century marked a pivotal moment for the dissemination of knowledge. This technological breakthrough enabled the rapid expansion of perfumery science, allowing research, particularly that brought by Arab scientists, to be published widely despite the challenges of the era, including the Inquisition. This led to a more accelerated evolution of perfumery science and technology.

By the end of the 16th century, the first German publications on botany and distillation processes were released, detailing the composition of scents and the workings of alembics. These publications facilitated the spread of new knowledge and heralded the rise of modern, alcohol-based perfumery.

The 17th century witnessed the emergence of great scientific academies, fostering a community of scholars dedicated to the advancement of knowledge.
The Academy of Experiments was founded in Florence in 1657, followed by the Royal Society in London in 1660, and the publication of the first scientific journal, "Philosophical Transactions," in 1665. Colbert's establishment of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris in 1666 was a significant milestone, succeeded by the formation of academies in Berlin (1700), Uppsala, Sweden (1710), and St. Petersburg (1725).

These developments not only underscored the importance of scientific inquiry but also played a crucial role in the advancement of perfumery. As knowledge spread and the understanding of distillation improved, perfumery transitioned from a craft shrouded in mystery and superstition to a refined science, blending the art of fragrance with the principles of chemistry and botany. This era laid the groundwork for the sophisticated world of perfumery we appreciate today, where scents are not just a means of divine connection or medicinal remedy but also an expression of beauty, identity, and culture.

The IPF Natural Perfumery Teacher's Academy is dedicated to accomplishing two vital goals: firstly, to educate enthusiasts on the art and science of natural perfumery, enabling them to transform their passion into sustainable careers; and secondly, to ensure the rich heritage of perfumery is preserved and passed on to future generations. Understanding the World Perfume History is crucial for any perfumer, not only to enrich their creations with inspired narratives but also to uphold and share this invaluable legacy. 

Now, let's introduce you to Vivian Trinh. Join us as we delve into her story.

1. Could you introduce yourself, including where you reside and your current occupation or activities?
I am Viviane Trinh, an international independent perfumer and scent educator. I'm currently based in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam after years of training and working globally. My company's main focus is private R&D services, consultancy and tailored training programs for individuals and entrepreneurs. 
Settling down in a city that's not my homeland, with almost an opposite lifestyle compared to Hanoi - Where I was born - is a decision that requires a lot of my nerve! There are more and more people doing this, but it was definitely not something common back then! 
I was formally trained in Grasse focusing on the art and technique of raw materials and fragrance creation. But it was not enough to become a professional perfumer. I never stop there. For the last decade, I've been doing training and researching work with top perfumers and companies all around the world to collaborate and refine my skill. 

2. Could you share why you chose to study History, particularly what inspired you? Was it a desire to learn more about the history of perfume in your region?
I believe everything has a beginning. In order to master an art form, you have to truly understand it from the root. 
I never hate the fact that I'm almost obsessed with learning new skills and gaining new knowledge for my work as a perfumer. But funny enough, the more I try to move forward with the intention to "change", the more I realize that I'm getting back to the point where everything starts. Lots of the inspiration of our modern fragrances, including the raw material, the formula composition, the packaging or even the branding and marketing is actually nothing new but a more 'dressed up' and creative version of something that has already been done from centuries ago. 
Just like how we all fall in love with that homemade, fragrant herbal bath from our childhood before Chanel No.5, Shalimar and Mitsouko. Those little small scented moments are exactly the reason why I have had such a big love for perfumery since a very young age. Sometimes, I feel like no matter how much I've gained during this journey, I'm still that little girl who immersed herself in that afternoon bath, thinking about how she could get that vintage botanical dictionary from that local no-name bookstore.

3. What is the current state of natural perfumery in your country? What about its heritage? Do people still retain knowledge of their ancestral heritage?
Despite the fact that our country has a rich tradition of using fragrant herbs not just for the purpose of beauty but also for medicinal and the spiritual purposes, I still find the urgent need to maintain the heritage worth considering. It's a bit painful to watch people shutting down their own garden or skipping on preparing natural scented products like tea, herbal bath, traditional medicine recipe, incense etc. because they don't have time or energy. The modern momentum of lifestyle is a challenge for people who still want to commit using the knowledge of their ancestral heritage. 

4. Was the history course effective in reacquainting your country with its heritage related to perfumery?
Education and creative ways of using scent is crucial to keep the heritage alive. I got all of that from the course. 
After joining the history program, I have a deeper understanding of not just my country's heritage related to scent, but also of a more comprehensive view about the world history of perfumery. The course gave me new knowledge about many practices that I thought I already knew by heart. 
It was truly a meaningful experience of reacquainting myself with my country heritage related to perfumery in a totally different way; but much more academic and professional!  

5. Did you find it beneficial and necessary to take the global Perfume History Course? How did it impact you personally, and what changes have you experienced in your life as a result of this course and its certification by the International Perfume Foundation. 
The course gives me extra courage to bring lots of my ideas from a shy scratch to a real product that I can proudly show my clients from time to time. That's priceless. If not to say, one of my career's bliss. 
It's been a very helpful course for me and it did help me so much with my career. I cannot tell you how much it helps me in my perfumery work. 
I'm looking forward to learning more from you and your courses in the future!
I hold your certification in the highest place of my lab!
I have to say that Creezy Courtoy's mentorship during the course was something out of this world. She employed incredible expertise in her teaching. But more than that, Creezy's heart-warming personality and her life-long passion for the art of perfumery was truly the biggest source of motivation for her students! 
My last word is: A special job requires a special mentor, and choosing Creezy's course was a game changing decision for my career. I cannot tell you enough how grateful I am. ​

“Precious Things are Without Value to Those Who Cannot Prize Them.”
  The Rooster and the Jewel-Aesop’s Fables

After talking to Natural Perfumers or reading their website content over the years, its completely clear to me that Natural Perfumers are universally passionate about their perfumes. And why shouldn’t they be?
Fine Natural Perfumes, like fine wines or fresh flowers, are truly alive and precious - each in its own way!
Yet, many potential Natural Perfume consumers act like the rooster from the Aesop’s Fable above: Upon finding a jewel on the ground, the rooster declared that he would rather have a single grain of barley than the jewel. The lesson for Natural Perfumers? Consumers will always purchase what they consider valuable and meaningful to their lives.
The challenge for Natural Perfumers today is to use the same passion they applied in creating their Precious Undervalued Perfume (PUP) into developing a Perfume Value Package that will be appreciated and prized by consumers for a lifetime.

So, how do Natural Perfumers turn their “PUP” into a Prize?  Here are some suggestions:
​

• Let consumers see your beautiful perfumes as they really are. This means using clear glass bottles, rather than colored or non-transparent ones.

 

• Put your passion to work on developing perfume bottles that will be treasured by consumers.

 

• When considering the sizes of Natural Perfumes to sell, keep in mind the passion and effort you went through to create your treasures using precious (and increasingly expensive) natural raw materials. Think of your perfumes as nature’s jewels and focus more on smaller-sized bottles, such as 10ml, 30ml, and perhaps as much as 50ml but no more. Consumers greatly value unique, small treasures they can proudly display, and you will be deftly differentiating your perfumes at the same time.

 

• Price your precious perfumes from the value and meaning they represent to consumers. Most Natural Perfumes I have encountered are underpriced, sometimes greatly so. Most times the problem is because Natural Perfumers have a Precious Undervalued Perfume (PUP) and the only way they can sell a PUP to consumers (who aren’t aware of the total value of the perfume) is by pricing on the low side. This is why perfumers need to add significant value to their Perfume Value Package and then communicate and sell that added value to consumers at premium prices befitting a prized jewel.


• Help consumers enjoy and be satisfied with the consumption of your perfume. For instance, how should they display and store your perfume? Like wine and fresh flowers, perfumes prefer cooler places with no direct sunlight. Consumers will appreciate the value of helping them enjoy the use of your perfumes. It is at this critical point-of-consumption where consumers decide whether to return for more.

Throughout history, humanity's quest to bridge the divine and the earthly realms has often been mediated through the aromatic allure of perfumes and spices. However, this journey has not been without its dark epochs, notably during periods marked by the overwhelming influence of the Catholic Church, such as the Crusades, the medieval era, and the Inquisition. These were times when the Church's supremacy overshadowed even that of monarchs, intertwining religious power with the governance of states, culminating in France's separation of Church and State only in 1905. Such dominance led to the suppression of perfumes for daily use, associating them with witchcraft or frivolous, forbidden indulgences.

Despite these challenges, the evolution of perfumery, much like science, experienced moments of pause rather than a complete halt. Innovative and pragmatic individuals emerged, defying the restrictions to maintain the therapeutic application of perfumes, utilizing flowers, plants, essential oils, aromatic vinegars, and "miraculous waters." Fortunately, these periods of constraint were interspersed with eras of abundance under monarchies that valued luxury and opulence over the Church's austerity.
​
The dominion of the Church also impeded the broader progression of the sciences, holding the Bible as the singular path to salvation and often placing it in conflict with reason. Yet within the confines of monasteries, a different story unfolded. Monks became the custodians of ancient knowledge, cultivating medicinal plants and translating the works of Galen, Aristotle, Dioscorides, and Pliny. They preserved the beauty secrets and remedies of Greek and Roman antiquity, enriching them with the synthesis of translated Arabic manuscripts. Some of these recipes bordered on the magical, using ingredients and methods dictated by the movements of celestial bodies.

The School of Salerno, a beacon of medical education in the 12th century, stood out for its quality of teaching and its secular approach, contrasting with the religious orthodoxy of most Western universities of the time. It honored both Greek and Arabic medical traditions, emphasizing the balance of the body's four humors as the foundation of health. The introduction of distilled alcohol for its revitalizing properties by figures like Raymond Lulle and Arnaud de Villeneuve marked a significant advancement in pharmacy, incorporating distillation into the preparation of remedies and cosmetics.

As perfumers ascended the social ladder, the first universities in Paris, Montpellier, and Padua were established, laying the groundwork for a more structured and secular education system. However, the contrast between the ideals of Salerno and the grim realities of the "Hotels-Dieu" in the West, which were far from the medical sophistication of Arabian hospitals, highlighted the stark differences in healthcare and hygiene practices between the cultures.

This journey through the history of perfumery reveals not only the enduring human fascination with fragrance but also the complex interplay between religion, science, medicine and art. It underscores the resilience of perfumery as an art form, persistently evolving and flourishing despite the shadows cast by periods of suppression and ignorance.

​During 30 years as a marketing consultant, one of the most common mistakes I have seen businesses make has been failing to properly prepare for, attend, and follow-up from an awards or other event.
Yet natural essence events, such as the New Luxury Awards, Perfumery Congress or International Natural Perfumery Summit represent profitable opportunities to network, gain industry insights, and showcase yourself, your company, and your brand. 
For Natural Perfumers or Natural Perfumery Brands, proper event marketing management starts with the decision to attend. Ask yourself: Does the event have the potential to improve my brand? Can my attendance lead to greater and more profitable sales? 
Managing attendance at events properly allows you to reach these and other important goals. Remember, we are in the Natural Essence High-Value Market, where higher prices can be achieved by offering consumers more value. Event attendance demonstrates industry leadership, which has great value to customers looking for companies, people, and brands they can trust and have confidence in. Additionally, being nominated for or winning an award has tremendous consumer value to a perfume brand.
Here are several steps you can take to boost your profits from participation at an event:

Pre-event Planning for Success

• Set specific goals for attendance including your purpose(s) for being there.
• Develop a budget for the event as well as a corresponding forecast for sales and profit increases that will occur because of the awards event. Keep in mind that you should be working toward lifetime customers, not just one-time sales. Getting customers is important. Keeping customers is vital!
• Have printed brand materials available. These could include articles that feature you and your brand, or shots from your website.
• Develop and print answers to frequently asked questions (FAQ)
• Some of these materials can be included in Media Kits you can make available during the event. 
• Contact key people to set up meetings during the event.
• Don’t forget to take plenty of your business cards and an ink pen or two. More than you think you will need. 

Event Participation

• Give out and get business cards from everyone you meet. Make notes about what you discussed on the back of their business card after meeting them.
• Remember, you are at this event to showcase you, your company, and your brand, and that means receptions and dinners should be all business!
• Get photos or videos of yourself with groups of people. Make sure you get business cards from all the people in each photo. If they don’t have cards, put their name, title, and contact information on the back of your card. If someone takes a photo of you in a group, get their card and ask them to furnish you with the photo.
• At the end of each day, review your notes, list who you contacted, and what you discussed, and ideas you have while they are still fresh in your mind.

Profitable Post-Event Strategies
Post-event follow-up is the most important part of event attendance, but it is also the least understood by most attendees. Many returning to work after an event fail to find the time to adequately follow up as they should for such a high marketing priority.

• First, review all business cards and notes from discussions and then determine what follow-up should be scheduled.
• Check your original list of contacts for the event. Schedule follow-up contacts for those you missed connecting with.
• Write up follow-up stories in blogs and on website pages. Use photos or video you obtained from the event. Make sure you use names, titles, and organizations correctly.
• Connect with any media you spoke with at the event. Will they be able to include you, your company, and your brand in a story about the event? Will you be able to get photos they took of you in a group with names, titles, and companies?
• Measure sales resulting from event. Remember that sales strategies should be directed at getting lifetime customers, rather than one-time sales. One customer can represent thousands of dollars over a lifetime.
• Finally, objectively critique your performance at the event. How would you improve your participation next time? 

Practice makes perfect.

Capturing the Ephemeral
In the realm of perfume crafting, there's an art to capturing the essence of flowers. Among various extraction methods, from distillation to maceration, one stands out for its enchanting approach – enfleurage. This method, despite being laborious, possesses a magical ability to imprint the olfactory fingerprint of a flower, making it a personal favorite.
The enfleurage process is both a journey and an experiment, much like the anticipation of spring when fragrant flowers are ready to bloom. Imagine stepping into your garden, balcony, or even just a sunny windowsill, armed with the intention to entwine the ephemeral soul of a flower into a fragrant masterpiece. For me, this is more than just a technique; it's a dance with nature.
Enfleurage, contrary to its demanding nature, offers a playground for experimentation. Co-enfleuraging different flowers became my joyful pursuit, creating complex pomades that danced with the richness of jasmine, gardenias, plumeria, Stephanotis, Cestrum, banana leaves, roses, and even tomato leaves. This became more than an experiment; it evolved into a fragrant game, a symphony of scents.​

Over time, I expanded my palette, incorporating different raw materials into the pomade. Unrefined coconut oil, with its tropical aroma, became a base for enfleurage experiments, mingling with gardenias, plumeria flowers, bourbon vanilla pods, finely ground resins and iris powder. The result? A tapestry of new scents and the recreation of complex, unique bouquets.
The manufacturing process remains true to tradition. Glass or ceramic containers replace the classic chassis, vegetable butters and oils stand as the primary medium, and the delicate dance of changing flowers persists. Some of my enfleurages remain soaked in alcohol for months, allowing me to study raw materials practically, even if they never make it into a final composition.
In the historical context, enfleurage played a crucial role in the fragrance industry. Refined in Grasse, France, in the mid-1700s, it became an industrial center for essence extraction. Today, enfleurage is a mainly historical method, replaced by more modern techniques. However, with the resurgence of interest in natural perfumery, some perfumers revisit this technique, making modifications to suit contemporary needs.
Enfleurage is not just a process; it's a celebration of flowers that might have limited essence or are too fragile for other extraction methods. It revolves around the absorption of volatile odorous molecules by fat. This fat, acting as a solvent, captures the essence of flowers it embraces.
The traditional procedure involves meticulously crafted frames, or chassis, where purified fat is layered, and flowers are evenly distributed. Daily changes and cycles of defleurage create a dance between flowers and fat, resulting in perfumed pommade. This pommade can then be turned into an absolute through further processing.

“Smaller players must be brave enough to build a distinctive, even unconventional brand identity, rooted in the heritage and the know-how of their own brand. They must be bold enough to innovate with a disruptive identity and value proposition.”   Alessandro Balossini Volpe, Professor of Brand Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                   When discussing the word “brand” it is important to recognize that there are two different kinds of brands each having different purposes and both working together synergistically: Company Brands and Product Brands.
For large organizations such as Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton (LVMH), branding gets quite complicated. They have their own LVMH Company Brand, Company Brands of the 75 companies they own, plus the Product Brands from all companies. 

For this article, we are going to focus on Company Brands for perfumery and essential oils brands.
Your Company Brand, whether it is your company name, slogan, logo, or other aspect of visual identity (such as the use of the New Luxury Code Logo), needs to be developed or redeveloped from your Value Proposition, which represents the promises of what value you will continue giving to the rest of the Natural Essence Community. 
Along with your Mission Statement and Vision Statement, your Company Brand should reflect those promises which will be fulfilled through the proper execution of your Business Plan.
When you read articles that feature some aspects of branding, it is important to know which type of branding they are discussing, since it is quite common to discover authors who use Company Brands and Product Brands interchangeably.
Since we are discussing Company Brands, here is a diagram of a recent survey on brand authenticity:

How do we know if a survey is talking about Company Brands or Product Brands?
One clue in this diagram is to go down the list until you get to “Uses all natural ingredients”. Only 11% thought that natural ingredients were associated with authenticity. 
If this had been a survey about Product Brands, especially in natural essences, “Uses all nature ingredients” would have been near the top if not the top choice. But in this survey, it only rates 11% because they are responding to questions in authenticity of Company Brands.
Powering up your Company Brand presents an opportunity to revisit your Value Proposition to strengthen the value your Company Brand through improvements in messaging between your company and everyone you have contact with.

Who should you communicate with about the value of your Company Brand?

• Customers
• Employees
• Suppliers
• Your local community
• Legal
• Accountant
• Bank
• Insurance companies
• The media 

If you want a dynamic company culture that attracts and retains top talent; if you wish to achieve great relationships with and respect from those you deal with, power up your Company Brand and enjoy the positive results it produces.

Terry Johnson is teaching Business and Marketing, an essential course for developing a successful perfumery or essential oil business.  ​

Welcome to the World of Perfumotherapy, where art and science intertwine to create a sensory experience like no other. Perfume has been a trusted companion throughout history, supporting us in various aspects of our lives. In this updated course on Perfumotherapy, we delve deeper into the world of olfaction, exploring the power of our sense of smell and its impact on our emotional well-being. Join us on this fragrant journey as we discover the uniqueness of a beautifully crafted scent.

Understanding the Heritage of Perfume
Perfume has a fascinating heritage that stretches back centuries. From ancient civilizations to the modern world, perfume has been an integral part of human culture. In ancient Egypt, perfumes were used for both religious and cosmetic purposes, and the art of perfumery was highly esteemed. The Greeks and Romans also embraced fragrance to enhance their personal grooming rituals and as offerings to the gods.
Over time, perfume evolved toward luxury and medicinal purposes with pomanders, vinegars, and other applications.
 
The Science Behind Perfumotherapy
Perfumotherapy is not just about the art of creating beautiful scents; it is also rooted in science. Our sense of smell is closely linked to our emotions and memories, making perfume a powerful tool for enhancing our well-being. When we inhale a scent, it triggers a response in our limbic system, which regulates emotions and memories. This connection between scent and emotion is why certain smells evoke strong feelings or transport us back to a specific time or place.
Scientific studies have shown that certain scents can profoundly impact our mood and overall well-being. For example, lavender is known for its calming properties, while citrus scents like lemon and orange can uplift and energize.
By understanding the science behind Perfumotherapy, we can harness the power of scent to create positive changes in our lives.

The Benefits of Perfumotherapy
Perfumotherapy offers a multitude of benefits for our overall well-being. The power of scent to evoke emotions and memories can be harnessed to reduce stress, improve mood, and promote relaxation. Certain scents have been shown to enhance cognitive function and improve focus and concentration.
By incorporating Perfumotherapy into our daily lives, we can create a sanctuary of scent that supports our emotional and mental well-being. Whether wearing a favorite perfume, diffusing essential oils, or creating our custom blends, Perfumotherapy offers a holistic approach to enhancing our daily lives. As consumers look for ways to enhance serenity in their daily lives, it is crucial to incorporate that dimension into any natural perfume composition. Therefore, a wide array of applications are available in Perfumotherapy, from conventional use to home scents, personal care, and cosmetics. 

The Updated Course on Perfumotherapy
This updated course on Perfumotherapy takes a comprehensive approach to exploring the world of fragrance. From the heritage of perfume to the science behind its therapeutic effects, this course offers a wealth of knowledge and practical skills.
Participants will be able to learn from experienced perfumers and industry experts, gaining insight into the art of perfumery and its applications. Through theoretical lessons and hands-on workshops, participants will develop their olfactory skills and learn how to create their unique scents.
So why wait? Join us on this fragrant journey and discover the transformative power of Perfumotherapy. The Perfumotherapy curriculum includes an Olfaction Training course, a French natural Aromatherapy course, a French Natural Perfumery course, and four unique complementary modules.
Read all the details here. 
The session opens each first Monday of the month.
​Enroll now for the February 5 session. Multiple payment plans are available. 

The Devil is in Details*
Perfume, a symbol of luxury and elegance, captures our senses and evokes emotions like no other product can. In the world of perfumery, where every detail matters, it can be challenging to navigate the intricacies of staying relevant and successful. As a French outsider, I bring a unique perspective to your brand, offering a fresh lens to evaluate your strategy and branding. In this article, I will delve into the significance of details in perfumery and extend a personal offer of a free 30-minute coaching session to help refine your approach.

The Power of Details
In the realm of luxury goods, attention to detail sets apart the exceptional from the ordinary. Perfume, being an embodiment of luxury, demands meticulous craftsmanship and an unwavering commitment to excellence. Every aspect, from the carefully selected ingredients to the composition of the bottle, marketing and packaging, contributes to the overall experience and perception of the brand.

The Role of Branding
Branding plays a pivotal role in establishing a perfume's identity and resonating with its target audience. It encompasses various elements, such as the brand name, logo, packaging design, website, advertising campaigns, and even the emotions associated with the brand. A successful branding strategy should encapsulate the essence of the perfume, conveying its unique characteristics and values to consumers.

The Value of an Outsider's Perspective
Being an outsider to your brand, a teacher and a luxury expert, I bring a fresh and unbiased viewpoint. As a French individual born in a family in the perfume industry, I am intimately acquainted with the rich heritage and tradition of perfumery in my culture. This background allows me to offer insights and suggestions that may have been overlooked from within the industry. With a critical eye, I can evaluate your current strategy and branding, identifying areas of improvement and potential opportunities for growth.

A Personal Offer: Free 30-Minute Coaching Session
To demonstrate the value of my perspective, I extend a personal offer to you: a complimentary 30-minute coaching session. During this session, we can delve into your current strategy, brand positioning, and explore potential avenues for improvement. Together, we can analyze your target market, evaluate your competition, and discuss ways to enhance your brand's appeal and success.

Perfume is a realm where attention to detail reigns supreme.
​To thrive in this industry, it is crucial to have a well-defined branding strategy that captivates consumers and sets your brand apart. As an outsider and a French individual, I offer a fresh perspective on your perfume brand, enabling us to examine your strategy and branding with a discerning eye. Don't miss this opportunity to gain valuable insights and refine your approach to achieve even greater success in the world of luxury perfumery.

*"The devil is in the details." comes from a French expression: "Le dibble est dans les details". This expression conveys the idea that small, seemingly insignificant details can have a significant impact or cause unforeseen problems.